Illustration Credits

For Teachers

Students learning about Pueblo Indian history at Crow Canyon

Photo by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Crow Canyon educator and students, spear-throwing activity

Photo by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Students learning how to weave on a Pueblo loom at Crow Canyon

Photo by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Introduction

Top banner

Drawing of child and man adapted from original illustration by Theresa Breznau of Living Earth Studios; courtesy of the Bureau of Land Management, Anasazi Heritage Center. Photograph of girl by Julie Schlossinger; copyright Julie Schlossinger.

Pueblo man

Photo by Joyce Alexander; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Pueblo girl

Photo by Wendy Mimiaga; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Pueblo woman

Photo by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

A pueblo today (Taos Pueblo)

Photo from www.bigstockphoto.com.

Mesa Verde archaeological region

Maps by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Mesa Verde

Photo by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Archaeological site with standing masonry walls (Cliff Palace at Mesa Verde National Park)

Photo by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Rubble mound at archaeological site (where buildings have fallen down)

Photo by Jeff Kelley; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Archaeologist mapping masonry wall

Photo by Kristin Kuckelman; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Archaeologist mapping with mapping instrument

Photo by Erin Baxter; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Archaeologist in lab analyzing artifacts

Photo by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Archaeologist looking through microscope

Photo by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Pueblo couple standing in front of home

Photo by Deloria Lomawaima; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Environment of the Mesa Verde Region

Aerial view of canyons and mesas

Photo by Dan Mooney; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Sagebrush, pinyon tree, juniper tree, yucca, and cactus

Photos by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Deer and lizard

Photos by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Joyce Heuman Kramer.

Elk and mountain lion

Photos from www.bigstockphoto.com.

Timeline

Paleoindian through Pueblo III drawings

Adapted from original illustrations by Theresa Breznau of Living Earth Studios; courtesy of the Bureau of Land Management, Anasazi Heritage Center.

Post-Migration period photo (Oraibi on Hopi Third Mesa, ca. 1871–1907)

Photo by John K. Hillers; courtesy National Archives, photo no. NWDNS-106-IN-1859BC.

Modern Pueblo period photo (Taos Pueblo)

From www.bigstockphoto.com.

Paleoindian Period

Paleoindian hunters

Adapted from original illustration by Theresa Breznau of Living Earth Studios; courtesy of the Bureau of Land Management, Anasazi Heritage Center.

Paleoindian maps

Maps by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center (source of information on possible migration routes: Figures 2.4 and 2.5 in Bones, Boats, and Bison: Archeology and the First Colonization of Western North America, by E. James Dixon, University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, 1999).

Mammoth

Pen-and-ink drawing by Lee R. Schmidlap, Jr.; copyright Lee R. Schmidlap, Jr.

Paleoindian house

Illustrations by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center (source of information used in reconstructions: A Folsom Structure in the Colorado Mountains, by Mark Stiger, American Antiquity 2006, vol. 71, pages 321–351).

Clovis point

From the collections of the Center for the Study of the First Americans, Department of Anthropology, Texas A&M University; photo courtesy of the Center for the Study of the First Americans.

Folsom point

Bureau of Land Management photo at http://www.blm.gov/wo/st/en/prog/more/
CRM/heritage_education/history_mystery/hm2/stone_points.html.

Archaic Period

Archaic camp

Adapted from original illustration by Theresa Breznau of Living Earth Studios; courtesy of the Bureau of Land Management, Anasazi Heritage Center.

Archaic map

Map by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Deer and bighorn sheep

Photos by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Joyce Heuman Kramer.

Elk and rabbit

Photos from www.bigstockphoto.com.

Pinyon, ricegrass, amaranth, and goosefoot

Photos by Rick Bell; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Yucca

Photo by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Corn kernels and squash seeds

Photos by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Archaic house

Illustrations by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Archaic hunting equipment: atlatl, spear, projectile point

Atlatl: copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center. Atlatl, spear, projectile point: pen-and-ink drawing by Lew Matis; adapted, with permission, from Figure A.2 in Windows Into the Past: Crow Canyon Archaeological Center's Guide for Teachers, edited by M. Elaine Davis and Marjorie R. Connolly, Kendall/Hunt Publishing, Dubuque, Iowa, 2000.

Basin metate and one-hand mano

Illustration by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Twig figurine of deer (replica)

Replica created by Paul Ermigiotti, photo by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Basketmaker Period

Basketmaker farmstead

Adapted from original illustration by Theresa Breznau of Living Earth Studios; courtesy of the Bureau of Land Management, Anasazi Heritage Center.

Basketmaker maps

Maps by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Corn

Photo by Jeanne Fitzsimmons; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Beans and squash

Photos by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Pinyon, ricegrass, amaranth, and goosefoot

Photos by Rick Bell; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Yucca

Photo by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Deer and bighorn sheep

Photos by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Joyce Heuman Kramer.

Elk and rabbit

Photos from www.bigstockphoto.com.

Basketmaker pithouse

Illustrations by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center (source of information used in reconstructions: Figure 9 in Badger House Community, Mesa Verde National Park, by Alden C. Hayes and James A. Lancaster, Publications in Archeology, no. 7E, National Park Service, Washington, D.C., 1975).

Basket

Illustration adapted from Basket-Maker Caves of Northern Arizona: Report on the Explorations, 1916–1917 (Plate 24), by Samuel J. Guernsey and Alfred V. Kidder, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, vol. 8, no. 2. Harvard University, Cambridge, 1921.

Sandals

Edge of the Cedars State Park Museum collection; photos by Sam Fee (left) and Joyce Heuman Kramer (right); copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Basketmaker gray ware pottery vessels

Pen-and-ink drawing by Lee R. Schmidlap, Jr.

Basketmaker white ware pottery vessels

Pen-and-ink drawing by Lee R. Schmidlap, Jr.

Digging stick (replica)

Replica created by Paul Ermigiotti, photo by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Trough metate and two-hand mano

Illustration by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Bow and arrow

Pueblo I Period

Pueblo I farmstead

Adapted from original illustration by Theresa Breznau of Living Earth Studios; courtesy of the Bureau of Land Management, Anasazi Heritage Center.

Pueblo I map

Map by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Corn

Photo by Jeanne Fitzsimmons; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Beans and squash

Photos by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Turkey

Photo from www.bigstockphoto.com.

Deer and bighorn sheep

Photos by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Joyce Heuman Kramer.

Elk and rabbit

Photos from www.bigstockphoto.com.

Pinyon, ricegrass, amaranth, and goosefoot

Photos by Rick Bell; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Yucca

Photo by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Pueblo I farmstead with roomblock, pithouses, and plaza labeled

Illustration by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Jacal wall

Photo by Rich Fleming; copyright Rich Fleming.

Adobe

Photos by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Pueblo I pithouse

Illustrations by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center (source of information used in reconstructions: Figure 2.12 in The Duckfoot Site, Volume 1: Descriptive Archaeology, edited by Ricky R. Lightfoot and Mary C. Etzkorn, Occasional Papers, no. 3, Crow Canyon Archaeological Center, Cortez, Colorado, 1993).

Pueblo I neckbanded gray ware pottery vessels

Pen-and-ink drawing by Lee R. Schmidlap, Jr.

Pueblo I white ware pottery vessels

Pen-and-ink drawing by Lee R. Schmidlap, Jr.

Pueblo I red ware pottery vessels

Pen-and-ink drawing by Lee R. Schmidlap, Jr.

Trough metate and two-hand mano

Illustration by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Bow and arrow

Pueblo II Period

Pueblo II trading center

Adapted from original illustration by Theresa Breznau of Living Earth Studios; courtesy of the Bureau of Land Management, Anasazi Heritage Center.

Pueblo II map

Map by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Corn

Photo by Jeanne Fitzsimmons; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Beans and squash

Photos by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Turkey

Photo from www.bigstockphoto.com.

Pinyon, ricegrass, amaranth, and goosefoot

Photos by Rick Bell; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Yucca

Photo by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Deer and bighorn sheep

Photos by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Joyce Heuman Kramer.

Elk and rabbit

Photos from www.bigstockphoto.com.

Pueblo II farmstead with roomblock, kiva, and plaza labeled

Illustration by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Pueblo II kiva

Illustrations by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center (source of information for reconstructions: Figure 13 in Monitoring and Excavation at Aulston Pueblo [Site 5MT2433], a Pueblo II Habitation Site, by James N. Morris, Four Corners Archaeological Project Report, no. 6, Complete Archaeological Service Associates, Cortez, Colorado, 1986).

Masonry wall

Photo by Bill Proud; copyright Bill Proud.

Masonry wall detail (showing mortar)

Photo by Steve Copeland; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Pueblo II corrugated gray ware pottery vessels

Pen-and-ink drawing by Lee R. Schmidlap, Jr.

Corrugated pottery sherd with fingerprints

Photo by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Pueblo II white ware pottery vessels

Pen-and-ink drawing by Lee R. Schmidlap, Jr.

Pueblo II red ware pottery vessels

Pen-and-ink drawing by Lee R. Schmidlap, Jr.

Trough metate and two-hand mano

Illustration by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Bow and arrow

Macaw feather sash

Edge of the Cedars State Park Museum (ECPR 12571); Kent Frost, donor. Photo courtesy Edge of the Cedars State Park Museum, Utah State Parks.

Copper bell

Photo courtesy Chaco Culture National Historical Park, photo no. CHCU 31204.

Shell bracelet

Photo courtesy Chaco Culture National Historical Park, photo no. CHCU 14465.

Turquoise beads

Photo courtesy Chaco Culture National Historical Park, photo no. CHCU 14472.

Pueblo III Period

Pueblo III canyon-head village

Illustration by Theresa Breznau of Living Earth Studios; courtesy of the Bureau of Land Management, Anasazi Heritage Center.

Pueblo III map

Map by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Corn

Photo by Jeanne Fitzsimmons; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Beans and squash

Photos by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Turkey

Photo from www.bigstockphoto.com.

Pinyon, ricegrass, amaranth, and goosefoot

Photos by Rick Bell; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.`

Yucca

Photo by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Rabbit

Photo from www.bigstockphoto.com.

Three-dimensional reconstruction of Sand Canyon Pueblo

Reconstruction by Dennis R. Holloway, Architect; aerial photo by Adriel Heisey.

Cliff Palace at Mesa Verde National Park

Photo by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Pueblo III white ware pottery vessels

Pen-and-ink drawing by Lee R. Schmidlap, Jr.

Pueblo III corrugated gray ware pottery vessels

Pen-and-ink drawing by Lee R. Schmidlap, Jr.

Slab metate and two-hand mano

Illustration by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Slab metates in metate bins

Photo by James Kleidon; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Bow and arrow

Axe

Pen-and-ink drawing by Lee R. Schmidlap, Jr.; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Turkey feather blanket (replica)

Replica created by Paul Ermigiotti, photo by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Cotton cloth

Edge of the Cedars State Park Museum (ECPR 72); Laurie Webster, photographer. Photo courtesy Edge of the Cedars State Park Museum, Utah State Parks.

Post-Migration Period:

Hopi Pueblo (ca. 1871–1907)

Photo by John K. Hillers; courtesy National Archives, photo no. NWDNS-106-IN-94.

Acoma Pueblo (ca. 1933–1942)

Photo by Ansel Adams; courtesy National Archives, photo no. NWDNS-79-AA-A01.

Corn

Photo by Jeanne Fitzsimmons; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Beans and squash

Photos by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Post–A.D. 1300 pueblo in New Mexico (Tyuonyi Pueblo, Bandelier National Monument)

Photo by Sally King, courtesy National Park Service.

Pueblo polychrome pottery vessels

Photo courtesy Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona.

Hopi woman grinding corn

Courtesy of the Denver Public Library, Western History Collection, Charles A. Nast, X-30779.

Conquistador

Drawing by Frederic Remington; from Wildside Press, www.fotosearch.com.

Pueblo girls at boarding school (ca. 1910)

Photo courtesy National Archives, photo no. NRG-75-AISP-14.

Pueblo boys at boarding school (ca. 1900)

Photo courtesy National Archives, photo no. NRG-75-AISP-8.

Modern Pueblo

Taos Pueblo

Photo from www.bigstockphoto.com.

Young Pueblo dancers

Photo by Wendy Mimiaga; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Pueblo woman talking on cell phoe

Photo by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Pueblo visitor to ancient site in Mesa Verde region

Photo by Victoria Atkins, courtesy of the Bureau of Land Management, Anasazi Heritage Center.

Modern Pueblo map

Map by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Corn

Photo by Jeanne Fitzsimmons; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Beans and squash

Photos by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Roasted corn

Photo by Deloria Lomawaima; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Piki bread

Photo by Deloria Lomawaima; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Chiles and corn hanging from rafters

Photo by Deloria Lomawaima; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Deer, chicken, and cow

Photos by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Joyce Heuman Kramer.

Rabbit

Photo from www.bigstockphoto.com.

Hamburger, fries, and milkshake

Photo by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Groceries

Photo by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Pottery vessel (Hopi)

Photo by Jeanne Fitzsimmons; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Turquoise necklace and beads

Photo of necklace by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center. Photo of beads courtesy Chaco Culture National Historical Park, photo no. CHCU 14472.

Pueblo farmer using digging stick to plant corn

Photo by Joyce Alexander; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Slab metate and two-hand mano

Illustration by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Cap and sunglasses, basketball, Frisbee, computer mouse, cell phone

Photos by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Glossary

Adobe

Photos by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Alcove

Photos by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Antechamber

Illustration by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center (source of information used in reconstruction: Figure 9 in Badger House Community, Mesa Verde National Park, by Alden C. Hayes and James A. Lancaster, Publications in Archeology, no. 7E, National Park Service, Washington, D.C., 1975).

Architecture

Photo of well-preserved architecture (Mesa Verde National Park) by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center. Photo of rubble mound by Jeff Kelley; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Artifact

Photo of broken pottery by Joyce Alexander; photo of corrugated jar by Wendy Mimiaga; photos of arrowheads (Edge of the Cedars State Park Museum collection), stone flakes, computer mouse, cap and sunglasses, and cell phone by Joyce Heuman Kramer. All copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Atlatl

Cliff dwelling

Photo by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Deflector

Illustration by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center (source of information used in reconstruction: Figure 2.12 in The Duckfoot Site, Volume 1: Descriptive Archaeology, edited by Ricky R. Lightfoot and Mary C. Etzkorn, Occasional Papers, no. 3, Crow Canyon Archaeological Center, Cortez, Colorado, 1993).

Jacal

Photo by Rich Fleming; copyright Rich Fleming.

Kiva

Mano

Illustration by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Masonry

Masonry wall photo by Bill Proud; copyright Bill Proud. Masonry wall detail photo by Steve Copeland; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Mesa

Photo by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Mesa Verde archaeological region

Map by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Metate

Illustration by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Pithouse

Projectile point

Paleoindian point from collections of the Center for the Study of the First Americans, Department of Anthropology, Texas A&M University (photo courtesy of the Center for the Study of the First Americans); all other points from the Edge of the Cedars State Park Museum collection, photos by Joyce Heuman Kramer, copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Roomblock

Illustration by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Sipapu

Slip

Photo of slipped white ware jar by David M. Grimes; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center. Photo of unslipped white ware bowl by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center (bowl on loan from Bureau of Land Management, Anasazi Heritage Center, Dolores, Colorado).

Smoke hole